Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Study | Country | Study design | Sample size | Sex | No. of smoking packs/yr | Quality assessment score | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of subjects | No. of cases | No. of controls | Male | Female | |||||
Schoos et al. [22] (2013) | Denmark | Prospective study | 101 | 90 | NA | 36 | 54 | NA | 19 |
Gökdeniz et al. [21] (2014) | Türkiye | Cross-sectional study | 135 | 135 | 37 | 125 | 10 | 56.2 ± 25.4 | 17 |
Kalaycıoğlu et al. [25] (2015) | Türkiye | Cross-sectional study | 125 | 125 | 30 | 115 | 10 | 52 | 19 |
Rice et al. [28] (2016) | USA | Retrospective study | 54 | 54 | NA | 30 | 24 | NA | 16 |
Al Abbady et al. [20] (2018) | Egypt | Prospective study | 50 | 30 | 20 | 26 | 4 | 68.80 ± 27 | 18 |
Kanar et al. [26] (2018) | Türkiye | Prospective study | 69 | 49 | 41 | 35 | 14 | NA | 18 |
Kanar et al. [27] (2018) | Türkiye | Prospective study | 57 | 46 | 32 | 28 | 18 | NA | 19 |
Fahim et al. [18] (2020) | Egypt | Cross-sectional study | 50 | 50 | 50 | 44 | 6 | 59.89 ± 31.4 | 18 |
Masson Silva et al. [24] (2021) | Brazil | Cross-sectional study | 126 | 91 | NA | 48 | 43 | NA | 20 |
Cengiz Elçioğlu et al. [19] (2022) | Türkiye | Prospective study | 52 | 52 | 29 | 52 | 0 | NA | 18 |
Botelho et al. [23] (2022) | Brazil | Cross-sectional study | 223 | 20 | 20 | 13 | 7 | 51.5 (35.8–60.0) | 21 |